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体细胞核移植从成人卵母细胞中获得克隆人类胚胎成功
发布时间2008年1月23日11时00分

  

  来自美国加利福尼亚州干细胞研究公司Stemagen,再生科学研究中心(The Reproductive Sciences Center生物谷注),Genesis遗传研究院(Genesis Genetics Institute)的研究人员报道称利用体细胞核移植的方法从成人卵母细胞中已经获得了克隆人类胚胎。这一研究成果公布在117日的Stem Cells在线版上。

  文章的通讯作者是Stemagen公司的Andrew J French,由Stemagen首席执行官、首席生育专家Samuel H Wood领导完成,并且此次使用的部分皮肤细胞来自Wood博士,其它的则来自研究小组的另一名成员。Wood博士拥有医学、心理学、生物化学、分子生物物理学等多个博士头衔,他表示此项研究堪称寻求治疗手段之旅上的一座至关重要的里程碑

  哈佛大学的干细胞专家Douglas Melton评论这一成果道,很难评价这一成果,他也引用了之前两个曾经利用SCNT体细胞核移植技术成功产生人类胚胎的例子。

  很早之前,科学家就希望能利用各种疾病患者的体细胞,克隆出早期人类胚胎,从而在实验室中对这些疾病进行研究,开发新的治疗方法。虽然200711月利用人体表皮制造类胚胎干细胞的重大突破已经能够满足这一目的,但科学家仍然希望能够通过体细胞核转移的方法完成这一转变,这主要是由于胚胎干细胞本身的重要性,以及科学家希望能够更多地了解卵母细胞如何将成熟的体细胞重组回胚胎干细胞

  2006黄禹锡获得克隆人类胚胎的成果被证明是造假,这让干细胞克隆研究领域蒙上了灰尘,在这项新研究中,研究人员利用进行试管授精的年轻女性捐献的卵子,用两名男性皮肤细胞中的DNA替换掉遗传物质。之后他们用电流刺激卵子使其受精并最终得到胚胎。这与获得《科学》2007年十大科技突破的基因导入方法不同——后者实际上是诱导多能干细胞IPS的基因导入方法。

  IPS细胞具有和胚胎干细胞类似的功能,却绕开了胚胎干细胞研究一直面临的伦理和法律等诸多障碍,因此在医疗领域的应用前景非常广阔,也由此荣登《科学》2007年十大科技突破榜眼之位,但是iPS干细胞诱导技术还有很多问题,比如将基因注入皮肤细胞时需用到的病毒可能引发癌症,因此研究工作目前远没有进展到临床阶段。

  这项研究最终获得了5天大的胚泡(blastocyst生物谷注),虽然这些胚泡没有存活很久,但是公Stemagen司在一份声明中指出,这已经是相当高的成功率了。

  French表示,他们能够成功的关键在于利用可孕女性新生的卵子,这是最好的原材料。研究人员同样对不孕的卵子进行了类似研究,但它们无法发展出胚泡,最终会分离开来。

  对于这项突破,干细胞领域给予一种谨慎的欢迎。医学研究理事会旗下的国家医学研究所的罗宾-洛弗尔-巴奇教授表示:这项研究让我们在一条曲折而复杂的道路上又迈出了一步。但为了实现胚胎干细胞研究的最终目标,我们仍有很长的路要走。

生物谷推荐原始出处:

Stem CellsFirst published online January 17, 2008

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Development of Human cloned Blastocysts Following Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) with Adult Fibroblasts

Andrew J French 1*, Catharine A Adams 2, Linda S Anderson 2, John R Kitchen 3, Marcus R Hughes 3, Samuel H Wood 4

1 Stemagen, Corporation, La Jolla, California, USA
2 The Reproductive Sciences Center, La Jolla, California, USA
3 Genesis Genetics Institute, LLC, Detroit, Michigan, USA
4 Stemagen, Corporation, La Jolla, California, USA; The Reproductive Sciences Center, La Jolla, California, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:afrench@stemagen.com.

Nuclear transfer stem cells (NTSC) holds considerable promise in the field of regenerative medicine and cellbased drug discovery. In this study, a total of 29 oocytes were obtained from three young (20–24 y) reproductive egg donors who had been successful in previous cycles. These oocytes, deemed by intended parents to be in excess of their reproductive needs, were donated for research without financial compensation by both the egg donor and intended parents after receiving informed consent. All intended parents successfully achieved ongoing pregnancies with the oocytes retained for reproductive purposes. Mature oocytes, obtained within 2 h following transvaginal aspiration, were enucleated using one of two methods, extrusion or aspiration, after 45 min incubation in Cytochalasin B. Rates of oocyte lysis or degeneration did not differ between the two methods. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos were constructed using two established adult male fibroblast lines of normal karyotype. High rates of pronuclear formation (66%), early cleavage (47%) and blastocyst (23%) development were observed following incubation in standard IVF culture media. One cloned blastocyst was confirmed by DNA and mtDNA fingerprinting analyses and DNA fingerprinting of two other cloned blastocysts indicated they were also generated by SCNT. Blastocysts were also obtained from a limited number of parthenogenetically activated oocytes. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that SCNT can produce human blastocyst stage embryos using nuclei from a differentiated adult somatic cell, and provides new information on methods that may be needed for a higher level of efficiency for human therapeutic cloning.

Key Words. egg donation, therapeutic cloning, human, embryo, somatic cell nuclear transfer, oocytes, blastocysts

Figure 2. SCNT and Parthenogenetic Embryo Development
A1: Cumulus matrix-free human metaphase II oocytes.
A2: Enucleation pipette for aspiration of metaphase plate from human oocytes.
A3: UV fluorescence of human metaphase II oocyte stained with Hoechst 33342.
B1: Pronuclear formation (6-7 h post CI activation) in parthenogenetically activated human oocytes.
B2: Embryo cleavage following parthenogenetic activation (Day 3)
B3: Parthenogenetically activated (Coded reference K1) blastocyst (Day 5) from egg donor 3 (Coded
reference F1 and F2)
C1: Pronuclear formation (6-7 h post CI activation) following SCNT with an adult fibroblast AF1
(Coded reference B3 and B4).
C2: Pronuclear formation (6-7 h post CI activation) following SCNT with an adult fibroblast AF2
(Coded reference C5 and C6).
C3: Late Day 3 SCNT embryo following nuclear transfer with AF2 (Coded reference C5 and C6)
donor cell.
C4: Early Day 3 SCNT embryos following nuclear transfer with AF1 (Coded reference B3 and B4)
donor cells.
C5: Late Day 5 SCNT (Coded reference 8E) blastocyst following nuclear transfer with AF1 (Coded
reference B3 and B4) donor cell to an oocyte from egg donor 1 (Coded reference A1, A2).
C6: Early Day 6 SCNT (Coded reference K8) blastocyst following nuclear transfer with AF2 (Coded
reference C5 and C6) donor cells to oocytes from egg donor 3 (Coded reference F1, F2). Note with
attached cleavage arrested blastomere.
Images were captured with a DP70 Digital Camera attached to an Olympus IX71 reflected
fluorescence microscope fitted with relief contrast and Differential Interference Contrast optics. (Scale
Bar = 20 μm)

全文链接http://stemcells.alphamedpress.org/cgi/reprint/2007-0252v1.pdf

名词解释:

1.体细胞核移植(克隆

体细胞核移植(Somatic Cell nuclear transplantation)又称体细胞克隆,它是把分化程度较高的体细胞移入去核卵母细胞中

 

,构建新合子的生物技术。它与胚胎克隆技术相比,有两大优点:第一,同一遗传性状供体核的数量可无限获得;第二,可通过对供体细胞的遗传改造加速家畜品种改良或生产转基因动物

2.诱导多功能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cell,又称iPS细胞)

200711月,美国和日本的两个研究小组几乎同时宣布成功将人体皮肤细胞改造成了几乎可以和胚胎干细胞相媲美的多功能干细胞---“iPS细胞,由于绕开了胚胎干细胞研究一直面临的伦理和法律等诸多障碍,科学界对这种细胞表现出强烈的兴趣,纷纷制订相关的研究计划。
日本放宽对诱导多功能干细胞研究限制
京都大学教授山中伸弥不久前造访了文部科学省,山中伸弥的研究小组成功将人体皮肤细胞改造成类似胚胎干细胞iPS细胞。他在文部科学省指出,如果说有关限制是必要的话,那也仅限于培养精子和卵子的研究。文部科学省专门委员会接受了这个意见,并决定禁止对用iPS培养精子和卵子以及把有关受精卵植入子宫等行为的阻挠,而其他有关研究则应该享有更大的自由度。文部科学大臣渡海纪三朗表示,日本政府会在预算分配等方面给予iPS研究全面支持。

3.胚泡(blastocyst

哺乳动物特有的囊胚。桑椹胚细胞继续分裂增生,卵裂细胞的分泌导致细胞团间出现裂隙,后扩大成囊腔,称胚泡腔或囊胚腔,腔内充满液体。细胞分为二部分,构成胚泡外壁的扁平细胞层,称滋养层(trophoblast),可以从母体吸取营养,此层将形成胎盘的一部分。另一部分细胞成团在胚泡腔的一侧附着在滋养层上,称内细胞团(inner cell mass),将要形成胚体和一部分胎膜,有些哺乳动物胚泡的内细胞团不太明显,而真兽亚纲哺乳动物的内细胞团和滋养层区分明显。在子宫腔内随子宫液渗入胚泡内的量增多,胚泡腔及胚泡继续增大。

 

                                                     摘自《生物谷》

 
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